However, to date, the mechanisms linking these effects to the gut. Department of biotechnology, teri university, new delhi, india correspondence. Aging and the human gut microbiota from correlation to causality article pdf available in frontiers in microbiology 5 january 2015 with 186 reads how we measure reads. Moreover, chlorogenic acid treatment dramatically adjust the gut microbiota composition associated with obesity, such as decreasing ruminococcaceae, desulfovibrionaceae, lachnospiraceae, erysipelotrichaceae, and increasing bacteroidaceaea and lactobacillaceae with their genus members of the bacteriodes and lactobacillus, respectively. From correlation to causalitysome general considerations. Obesity is a wellknown primary risk factor for osteoarthritis oa. For example, numerous studies have reported changes in the gut microbiota during not only obesity, diabetes, and. The human gut harbors a complex community of microbes that affect many aspects of our health.
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a pivotal contributing factor in dietrelated obesity. This information is crucial to our ability to harness the potential of gut microbiota to improve our health. Establishing or exaggerating causality for the gut microbiome. The gut microbiota has been linked with chronic diseases such as obesity in humans. Recent evidence has demonstrated that the gut microbiota plays a critical role in the treatment of obesity and other metabolic dysfunctions. The microbiota is all of the organisms in an environment, whereas the microbiome is their collective genome. Gut microbiota has been implicated to play a critical role in metabolic diseases and may modulate the secretion of mediators of the braingut axis. To dissociate changes in the gut microbiota associated with high hf feeding from those associated with obesity, we took advantage of the different susceptibility of c57bl6jbomtac bl6 and 129s6. Another important issue regarding the relationship between obesity and gut microbiota is scfa production, which is based on bacterial fermentation of low and nondigestible carbohydrates in the diet. However, the underlying mechanisms of these processes are far from being clear and will require complex preclinical and clinical interdisciplinary. In the 1990s, the application of cultureindependent molecular techniques based on 16s ribosomal rna rrna genes e.
Reduction of circulating acetate levels in hfdfed mice may be related to a reduced dietary carbohydrate. The gut microbiome has been proposed to play a causal role in obesity. Gut microorganisms have the potential to influence weight gain and fat deposition through a variety of mechanisms. Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity. Although the gut microbiota has been linked to a wide range of diseases in humans, including type 2 diabetes and obesity, moving from correlation to causation is notoriously difficult. Changes in the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota have been linked to ibd, but a direct causal association has yet to be established in humans. Incorporation of therapeutically modified bacteria into gut microbiota inhibits obesity zhongyi chen, 1 lilu guo, 1 yongqin zhang, 1 rosemary l. Jci incorporation of therapeutically modified bacteria. The microbiome has received increasing attention over the last 15 years. Microbial contact during pregnancy, intestinal colonization and human disease.
Since the gut microbiota may play a causal role in the development of obesity, it is important to understand how prepregnancy weight and gestational weight gain gwg impact the gut microbiota of mothers at the time of delivery and their infants in early life. More recently, the composition and metabolic functions of gut microbiota have been proposed as being able to affect obesity development. However, studies rarely assess causality, which requires the use of germfree animals and microbiota transplant. Aging and the human gut microbiota from correlation to. It is sensitive to dietary changes and able to alter composition within hours in both.
Modulation of gut microbiota by antibiotics improves. Aging and the human gut microbiotafrom correlation to. Dietary modulation of gut microbiota contributes to. Abstract the gut microbiota has been linked with chronic diseases such as obesity in humans. First, we describe how the gut microbiota promotes fat accumulation. As early as the 1980s, the gut microbiota has been associated with obesity in human 19 and rats 20 by utilizing culturedependent methods, which only sees pieces of microbes in the gut. Only within the past decade, with the advent of shotgun genomic sequencing and arraybased microbial identification, has.
The human gut microbiome previously termed the gut flora has been the subject of study for decades. We have discussed how to use a combination of clinical, animal, and in vitro studies to systematically identify and to understand the key gut microbes. The potential role of the gut microbiota in various human diseases has attracted considerable attention worldwide. It is well known that the microbiota of highfat hf dietinduced obese mice differs from that of lean mice, but to what extent, this difference reflects the obese state or the diet is unclear. This energy becomes available to the host indirectly through the absorption of microbially produced short. Polycystic ovary syndrome pcos is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder in women. Department of biochemistry, dayananda sagar college of arts, science, and commerce, bangalore, india. Striving for causality article pdf available in molecular metabolism 112. Twins discordant for obesity provide an opportunity to examine interrelations between obesity and its associated metabolic disorders, diet, and the gut microbiota. Connection between gut microbiome and the development of. Genetic and dietinduced obesity are associated with alterations of i the composition and ii the functional properties of the gut microbiota.
Furthermore, we will discuss means to modify gut microbiome composition in humans to help establish causality and discuss systems biology approaches that might hold the key to unravel the role of gut microbiota in obesity and diabetes. A complex symbiotic system to assess the relevance of the gut microbiota in obesity, it is crucial to understand how gut microbes interact with the host and participate in the metabolic response to diet. Using these strategies, some gut microbiota were shown to confer obesity and associated metabolic disorders to mice, suggesting a causative. Ginger zingiber officinale roscoe, one of the most commonly used spices and dietary supplements, has been shown to exert beneficial effects against obesity and related disorders. Studies in gf mice, which lack microbiota, provided first important evidence that the gut microbiota potentially plays a causal role in development of obesity and related diseases. Additionally, a highfat diet leads to structural instability among in the gut microbiota, further leading to. For the analyses of gut microbiota composition, several different techniques have been used.
Chlorogenic acid alleviates obesity and modulates gut. We used a twosample mr approach to assess the causal effect from gut microbiota to obesity based on genomewide. Studies attempting to determine whether dysbiosis is truly causative or merely a consequence of inflammation have suffered from a number of limitations, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions box 1. Interaction between obesity and the gut microbiota. Causality in dietary interventionsbuilding a case for gut microbiota. Traditional techniques included the isolation and culturing of microor.
Research from the last 30 years has clarified the role of the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, unhealthy lifestyle, and genetic variability in the development of obesity. Morris, 3 elena matafonova, 1 xavier stien, 1 li kang, 4 denis coulon, 5 owen p. Human microbiotaassociated hma rodents have become a cornerstone of microbiome science for addressing causal relationships between altered. One factor is the ability of microorganisms in the large intestine to release energy by fermenting otherwise indigestible components of the diet energy harvest. This research could point the way to new treatments for obesity. Gut microbiota and obesityassociated osteoarthritis.
The correlation of microbiome alterations in rodent model systems, in which a causal link with obesity had been established, with altered microbiome. Prepregnancy weight, gestational weight gain, and the gut. Obesity, particularly in children and adolescents, has become a significant public health problem that has reached epidemic status worldwide. Interaction between gut microbiota and the endocrine and biochemical disturbances in pcos still remains elusive.
Beneficial effects of ginger on prevention of obesity. Frontiers dysbiosis of gut microbiota associated with. Mendelian randomization analysis revealed causal effects. Although gut microbes have been explored for several decades, investigations of the role of microorganisms that reside in the human gut has attracted much attention beyond classical infectious diseases. The composition of the gut microbiota has received attention as an etiological factor in the development of obesity. Gut microbes from lean people helped prevent mice from becoming obesebut only if the animals ate a healthy diet. Guilds with the strongest correlations to host parameters warrant.
It was demonstrated that, despite a higher food intake, gf mice are. The intestinal microbiota contribute to protection against pathogens, maturation of the immune system, and metabolic welfare of the host but, under. However, the demonstration of causality between constituents of the. In recent decades, the biomechanicsbased theoretical paradigm for the pathogenesis of obesityassociated oa has been gradually but fundamentally modified. The human gut microbiota begins to form at birth when bacteria from mothers fecal and vaginal microbiota colonize the newborns digestive tract. We performed a mendelian randomization mr analysis to determine whether there is a causal relationship between gut microbiota and abdominal obesity. The etiology of obesity is complex and involves lifestyle factors that are challenging to modify. Development of obesity correlates with a shift in the abundance of the 2 dominating divisions, the bacteroidetes and the firmicutes. Nowadays, obesity is one of the most prevalent human health problems. Aging and the human gut microbiotafrom correlation to causality. In this hospitalized intervention trial with pws n17 and simple obesity n21 children, a diet rich in nondigestible carbohydrates induced significant weight loss.
Nutrients free fulltext gut microbiota and obesity. Nevertheless, evidence for a role of the gut microbiome as a causal, driving factor in disease. Highfat feeding rather than obesity drives taxonomical. Between 1,000 and 1,150 bacterial species have potential to colonise the human gastrointestinal gi tract, with each individual harbouring around 160 different species 1. Human diseases are increasingly linked with an altered or dysbiotic gut microbiota, but whether such changes are causal, consequential, or bystanders to disease is, for the most part, unresolved. Gut microbes and obesity in adolescents proceedings of. Mass reproduce only with permission from mayo clinic proceedings. Obesity, inflammation, and the gut microbiota the lancet. Recent evidence supports that the maternal gut microbiota impacts the initial infant gut microbiota. Consider dietinduced weight lossthe gut microbiota changes when we. Here, we discuss the vital role of the intestinal microbiota in the development of obesity. Establishing or exaggerating causality for the gut. Gut microbiota has been implicated in regulation of fat storage, as well as gut dysbiosis, thus contributing to the development of obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Evidence, mostly from studies of rodents, suggests that the gut.
However, the demonstration of causality between constituents of the microbiota and specific diseases remains an important challenge in the field. Introductionthe human gastrointestinal gi tract harbours the largest number and concentration of microbes found in the human body. If you would like to know more about this presentation, come and register. Deciphering causality is pivotal to putting gut microbiota into the clinical setting. Human gut microbiota and obesity during development. Saad abstract obesity is currently a pandemic of worldwide proportions affecting millions of people. Gut microbiota and obesity british society for immunology. Although recent studies have revealed the association between the gut microbiota and obesity, the causality remains elusive. Evaluating causality of gut microbiota in obesity and diabetes in.